Feel the emotion about the situation and appropriately handle the emotion.He believed that there are three basic ways individuals could react when faced with a difficult situation. Ray Williams (Canadian businessman and author) saw that resilience comes from people able to effectively cope with their environment. Making it something to pursue and not an endpoint. Resilience is seen as something to develop. This research could be used in support of psychological resilience being a process rather than a trait. Most research now shows that resilience is the result of individuals being able to interact with their environments and participate in processes that either promote well-being or protect them against the overwhelming influence of risk factors. Others assume it to be a trait of the individual, an idea more typically referred to as "resiliency". It is a tool a person can use and it is something that an individual develops overtime. Psychological resilience is most commonly understood as a process. Aaron Antonovsky in 1979 stated that when an event is appraised as comprehensible (predictable), manageable (controllable), and somehow meaningful (explainable) a resilient response is more likely.
Some characteristics of psychological resilience include: an easy temperament, good self-esteem, planning skills, and a supportive environment inside and outside of the family. Resiliency allows a person to rebound from adversity as a strengthened and more resourceful person. It is important to note that resilience is not only about overcoming a deeply stressful situation, but also coming out of the said situation with "competent functioning". The Children's Institute of the University of Rochester explains that "resilience research is focused on studying those who engage in life with hope and humor despite devastating losses". Resilience is the integrated adaptation of physical, mental and spiritual aspects in a set of "good or bad" circumstances, a coherent sense of self that is able to maintain normative developmental tasks that occur at various stages of life. According to Germain and Gitterman (1996), stress is experienced in an individual's life course at times of difficult life transitions, involving developmental and social change traumatic life events, including grief and loss and environmental pressures, encompassing poverty and community violence. The presence of stress allows people to practice this process. A portion of psychologists believe that it is not the stress itself that promotes resilience but rather the individual's perception of their stress and their perceived personal level of control. Some people can handle greater amounts of stress than others. It is still unknown what the correct level of stress is for each individual. When a person is "bombarded by daily stress, it disrupts their internal and external sense of balance, presenting challenges as well as opportunities." However, the routine stressors of daily life can have positive impacts which promote resilience. Resilience is generally thought of as a "positive adaptation" after a stressful or adverse situation. 8.3 The concept of resilience in language.8.2.1 Differences in response to natural disasters.8.2 Resilience in individualist and collectivist communities.5.1 Building resilience through language.Many psychologists agree that positive emotions, social support, and hardiness can influence an individual to become more resilient. Despite numerous definitions of psychological resilience, most of these definitions center around two concepts: adversity and positive adaptation. Most psychological paradigms (biomedical, cognitive-behavioral, sociocultural, etc.) have their own perspective of what resilience looks like, where it comes from, and how it can be developed. A lot of criticism of this topic comes from the fact that it is difficult to measure and test this psychological construct because resiliency can be interpreted in a variety of ways. In simpler terms, psychological resilience exists in people who develop psychological and behavioral capabilities that allow them to remain calm during crises/chaos and to move on from the incident without long-term negative consequences. Resilience exists when the person uses "mental processes and behaviors in promoting personal assets and protecting self from the potential negative effects of stressors". Werner as she conducted a forty year long study of a cohort of Hawaiian children who came from low, socioeconomical back grounds. The term was coined in the 1970's by a psychologist named Emmy E. Psychological resilience is the ability to cope mentally or emotionally with a crisis or to return to pre-crisis status quickly. Werner coined the term psychological resilience in the 1970's
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